Two-channel DDR2-8 on platform AMD Athlon X AM the first results of research of the new integrated controller of memory in RightMark Memory Analyzer
Operative memory of type DDR is known already enough for a long time since first variants DDR2-4 and DDR2-533, appeared approximately years ago and possessed for rather high delays (as dynamic, connected with characteristics of microcircuits of memory, and system, connected with initially slow schemes taymingov 3-3- and 4-4- accordingly), and finishing its modern versions possessing as the high speeds of functioning (DDR2-667, DDR2-8 and informal DDR2-1000/1066), and rather low delays (down to schemes of a kind 4-4- for DDR2-800). Nevertheless, the real potential of memory of the given type in a two-channel mode of its functioning down to today remains not opened (use of rather dear high-speed memory DDR in a single-channel mode is not justified at least by the economic reasons, t. To. Much cheaper DDR4 in a two-channel mode possesses at least not the worst, and frequently the best characteristics). The reason of it consists that memory of type DDR till now ze2308wm notebook computer specs was supported (and actually intended for) only one class of platforms Intel Pentium 4/Pentium D with chipsets Intel, beginning from 915-th and finishing modern 975-th series (as variant NVIDIA nForce Intel Edition or chipsets of competitors, but it essentially does not change business). The main restriction on disclosing of potential of memory DDR consists in this class of platforms in their traditional shinnoy to architecture, when the processor is connected by means of the system trunk (Front-Side Bus, FSB) with northern bridge of a chipset to which major components the controller of the memory is actually, capable to function in a two-channel mode. Notwithstanding what such controller of memory is capable to provide throughput on the internal trunk, equal theoretical PSP two-channel DDR (from 6. GB/s for DDR2-4 up to 12. GB/s for DDR2-800), real speed of data exchange of the processor with memory is limited to throughput of the system trunk of the processor which functions on frequency of 2 or 2 MHz (for extreme variants of processors). Throughput of last makes only 6. or 8. GB/s that as it is easy to notice, at the best does not exceed theoretical throughput of two-channel memory DDR2-533. Proceeding from ze2308wm notebook computer specs these simple mathematics, we do not get tired to do the basic conclusion what even for today of two-channel memory of type DDR2-5 for platforms Intel still suffices for eyes. Certainly, practice shows, that more high-speed memory of type DDR2-6 or DDR2-8 nevertheless has advantage and on this class of platforms which consists exclusively in decrease in delays at casual access to operative memory. However will agree, that constant casual access to memory hardly is a typical mode of its functioning, characteristic for the majority of real problems.
So, necessity and sufficiency of memory DDR2-5 could remain long still such at least until there would be processors and chipsets Intel possessing higher frequency of the system trunk (with what, by the way, there are future processors Intel Core (kernels Conroe/Merom/Woodcrest) and chipsets corresponding them). If not the decision of the competitor possessing, at least on a paper, potentially the best characteristics of data exchange with memory.
As is known, essential difference processorov/platform class AMD Athlon (including them dvuh`yadernuyu realization Athlon X2) is presence of the integrated controller of memory (two-channel or single-channel decisions in budgetary sector), functioning on full frequency (equal frequency of a kernel of the ze2308wm notebook computer specs processor) and an exchange having the direct trunk of commands and data with operative memory. Last functions on the frequency as much as possible approached (as much as possible approached, instead of equal, t. To. Last turns out division of frequency of the processor into a certain whole constant) to nominal frequency of memory. Thus the role of the system trunk in its habitual understanding is played with trunk HyperTransport which in any way has been not connected with the trunk of memory and the employee for data exchange with periphery by means of a chipset (to speak about strict division of the last into northern and southern bridges here it is not necessary as partly functions of northern bridge are carried out with the processor). Application of such scheme, at least in the theory is obvious, that, allows to choose completely real throughput of memory even at its two-channel connection data exchange with memory goes directly, passing every possible bottlenecks (if, certainly, those do not meet directly in the kernel of the processor about what below). On our numerous ze2308wm notebook computer specs researches we can ascertain, that with present processors AMD Athlon (beginning from the first audit of a kernel (C) and finishing last (E)), integrated which controller of memory is calculated on use of memory of type DDR4 (in the latter case and above, down to informal DDR533) so it and is observable really maximal values PSP are rather close to theoretical.
The new decision from AMD dvuh`yaderny'e processors with same name Athlon X (topovy'e models Athlon FX), but audit yadra/kontrollera memories F and a little bit other processor socket Socket AM somewhat is essentially new as it was already possible to guess, the integrated controller of memory of these processors now supports memory of type DDR (and only DDR2, beginning from DDR2-4 and meanwhile finishing DDR2-800). Perhaps, this unique serious difference micro-architectural tests of the given processor fluently lead by us in RightMark Memory Analyzer have not revealed any appreciable differences from all previous audits of processors of class ze2308wm notebook computer specs AMD (that you will not tell about constantly varying audits of kernels of processors Intel!) . Well, it is a high time to look, on what the new controller of memory from AMD is capable, whether it can open real potential of two-channel memory DDR2-800. Or, perefraziruya last offer, whether has come nakonec-to it is time rather fast DDR2? :)
The processor: AMD Athlon X 40 + (audit of kernel F), Socket AM2
Memory: 2x10 MB Corsair XMS PRO PC2-64 (DDR2-800, taymingi 5-5-5-12)
The processor: Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 3, GHz (Prescott N0, MB L2)
Chipset: Intel 975X, frequency FSB of 2 and 2 MHz
Parent payment: ASUS P5WD2-E Premium, version BIOS 04 from
Memory: 2x5 MB Corsair XMS2-85 (DDR2-10 in mode DDR2-800, taymingi 5-5-5-18)
The processor: AMD Athlon 40 +, 2. GHz (rev. SH-CG, MB L2)
Memory: 2x10 MB Corsair XMS PRO PC3500, DDR4 (in mode DDR400, taymingi 2-3-2-6)
Let's begin with studying results of testing of a new platform as those (the stand ¹1), and then it is comparable them to already available results of testing as memories of type DDR2-8 ze2308wm notebook computer specs on platform Intel (the stand ¹2), and memories of type DDR4 on present generation of platforms AMD Athlon (the stand ¹3).
In adjustments of the controller of memory in BIOS parent payment MSI K9N SLI Platinum, as well as for the previous audits of kernels AMD64, it is possible to set the maximal frequency of functioning of memory (MemCLK Limit). In this case it expressed in terms of a high-speed category of memory, can accept values DDR2-400, DDR2-533, DDR2-6 and DDR2-800, that corresponds to four accepted standards of memory of type DDR2. Once again we shall make a reservation, that it is a question about maximal, but not to nominal frequency of functioning of memory as it turns out by division of frequency of the processor (the controller of memory) into some whole value. Thus, real frequency of the trunk of memory can appear smaller or equal to set limit MemCLK Limit.
Unfortunately, to learn real frequency of the trunk of memory otherwise in accuracy it is ze2308wm notebook computer specs not obviously possible. The given parameter simply does not appear in configuration registers of northern bridge of the processor (in them it is stored only vy'sheupomyanuty'y a limit of frequency of memory), therefore is always calculated empirical by, however the logic of exhibiting of frequency of the trunk of memory the processor can differ from those, realized in system utilities (including our test RMMA). We shall notice also, that reorientation of the integrated controller of memory AMD to memory of type DDR in new audit of kernels F has inevitably caused numerous changes in parameters of configuration registers, and, thus, for the present moment both the processor, and adjustments of its controller of memory are defined incorrectly. So, last version RMMA (3.65) approves, that before us processor AMD Athlon FX- with frequency of the trunk of memory of 1 MHz (irrespective of the exposed limit of frequency), and the majority of values taymingov memories simply is not defined. With impatience we wait for the new documentation from AMD to correct this position for ze2308wm notebook computer specs now we shall return to our tests.
In resulted below the table results of testing of memory of type DDR2-8 (taymingi were exposed in adjustments BIOS by default) in all four high-speed modes supported by the new controller of memory are presented. For each of these modes the theoretical throughput of memory calculated in view of the most probable real frequency of the trunk of memory (it differs from face value only in case of DDR2-5 and makes 2 (500) MHz), and also really measured sizes PSP and delays is presented at pseudo-casual (accident within the limits of one page of memory, direct consecutive detour of pages) and truly casual detour 32-megabaytnogo the block of memory.
Results, to put it mildly, do not impress. Already in case of the least high-speed mode DDR2-4 maximal real PSP hardly exceeds 5.2-5. GB/s (we shall notice, that it appears below at data reading with program presample, rather than at data recording by a method of direct preservation) that is obvious less typical 6.2-6. GB/s, platforms AMD observable in present ze2308wm notebook computer specs generation with memory of type DDR400.
At transition from the least high-speed mode DDR2-4 to more high-speed change of frequency of the trunk of memory obviously occurs about it speak more and more increasing sizes PSP, however a gain of the specified sizes hardly deserves a praise. In mode DDR2-5 PSP at data reading from memory starts to exceed PSP at data recording (that is kept and at the further increase in frequency of the trunk of memory), but still does not reach the values typical for DDR400. The parity is reached approximately in the field of DDR2-6 in this mode PSP at reading starts to exceed a little PSP DDR400, but reaches only the order of % from own theoretical maximum. Still the smaller effect is swept up in as much as possible high-speed mode PSP reaches only 6. GB/s, t. e. Approximately % from a theoretical limit. The picture looks more than is sad as have shown ours, much the best results can be reached with present generation of controllers of memory AMD of audit E, applying non-standard (overklokerskuyu) memory of type DDR533.
The unique pleasant moment at transition to ze2308wm notebook computer specs high-speed modes of functioning DDR consists only in the constant reduction of delays most appreciable on latentnosti of casual access to memory (from 1 up to nanoseconds). However and to it there is prosaic enough explanation in all modes the same scheme taymingov by default (5-5-5-12) which in absolute sizes looks absolutely differently for modes DDR2-4 and DDR2-8 (to be exact, distinction makes exactly two times in favour of DDR2-800) was used.
Let's compare now with the received results to typical high-speed parameters of memory of type DDR2-8 on platforms Intel and DDR4 on platforms AMD, taken of results of testing of modules of memory (in mode DDR2-800) and (in mode DDR400).
We already partly spoke about comparison of sizes PSP received in the present research, to results of testing of other platforms above even in maximal high-speed mode DDR2-8 they only slightly advance typical sizes for DDR4 on current generation of platforms AMD. On platform Intel obviously limiting real potential DDR2-800, and that much higher parameters at least, 1 % of efficiency of recycling of the ze2308wm notebook computer specs processor trunk corresponding almost, being are observed by a bottleneck. The integrated controller DDR shows pleasant enough picture only in connection with delays they appear less in comparison with those on platform Intel possessing the external controller of memory (in both cases of size are received at the included hardware presample of data), t. e. Some advantage of the integrated controller of memory above the traditional scheme of construction of a subsystem of memory nevertheless is available. Delays at pseudo-casual detour DDR2-8 on platform AM also do not concede to delays at pseudo-casual detour DDR400, and in connection with truly casual access to memory the new integrated controller of memory DDR nevertheless loses previous DDR-analogu a little.
What can be the reasons of observable results? In our opinion, them at least two. First of them is obvious enough it dampness samog about integrated the controller of memory DDR which obviously does not pull high-speed modes like DDR2-8 in this connection about l'shuyu the part of time, most likely, is engaged in sending of empty commands NOP on the trunk of memory :). The second reason is less obvious, besides, it is capable to explain only ze2308wm notebook computer specs a part of the presented facts. It is narrowness, and in general restriction of the scheme of the organization of trunk L1-L of a cache of the processor (the bidirectional trunk, which effective word length only bat in each party, in a counterbalance 256-bitnoy to trunk L1-L of a cache of processors Intel Pentium 4/Pentium D, besides, possessing inklyuzivnoy the organization of a cache which is not demanding the superfluous traffic on trunk L1-L2). Its peak throughput bayt/takt, that for the processor with clock frequency in GHz makes exactly 16. GB/s (obviously above PSP two-channel DDR2-800, but it is already comparable with PSP more high-speed two-channel DDR2-1066), however in a reality we have absolutely other picture.
So, real PS in the field of L2-ke`sha data makes only bayta/takt, t. e. Exactly 8. GB/s, that is obvious below, than theoretical PSP two-channel DDR2-800. Real throughput of memory as those as we have already shown, appears still below. Nevertheless, the narrowness of trunk L1-L though takes place to be, is unable ze2308wm notebook computer specs to explain the lowest values PSP on record by a method of direct preservation of data (passing hierarchy of caches of the processor) which in all cases is limited to a level 5.6-5. GB/s (t. e. Loses even to the previous controller of memory calculated on DDR400!) . With what last restriction is connected, is not clear yet, however there is an impression, that the scheme of record in memory through bufery' associations of record (write-combining buffers), realized in days of the first processors Athlon and not undergone changes subsequently, is already obviously obsolete and does not keep up with modern standards two-channel DDR2, throughput possessing rather serious potential (as we see, it appears comparable with a speed of intraprocessor communications, and it rather and rather seriously!).
Thus, alas, once again to open real potential topovy'h models DDR (DDR2-6 and above) was not possible, the era high-speed DDR has not come :(. In our opinion, guilty there was the company AMD, tried to adhere already becoming outdated technologies almost 5-letney the prescription, realized in the first processors Athlon (like rather narrow trunk L1-L of a ze2308wm notebook computer specs cache with the exclusive organization of the last) to the advanced technologies of memory which throughput promptly comes nearer to speed of data transmission inside of the processor. Operative memory definitely ceases to be a bottleneck of system so manufacturers of the processor already should to start reckon with this fact. We shall hope well, that manufacturers will hear our words, and in following audit G of processor kernels AMD (or essentially new processor kernel from AMD) similar blanks will be eliminated.
Read further: [Two-channel DDR2-8 on platform AMD Athlon X «AM2». A part 2: processor AMD Athlon FX-62]
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