Capacity in informal conversation many mean power, force a word. Therefore quite It is natural, that buyers connect capacity with loudness: The more capacity, the columns will sound better and more loudly. However this popular belief is radically erroneous! It will be far not always a column capacity 1 Vt to play more loudly or more qualitatively that, At which capacity of all in Vt is specified. Value of capacity speaks not about loudness, and about mechanical, more likely, Reliability of acoustics. The same or 1 Vt it at all loudness of the sound published by a column. Dynamic heads in itself have low EFFICIENCY and will transform to sound fluctuations only 2- % of capacity brought to It of an electric signal (fortunately, loudness of a published sound quite suffices for creation of a soundtrack). The size laptop and notebooks which the manufacturer in the passport dynamics or specifies systems as a whole, speaks only that at leading Signal of the specified capacity the dynamic head or acoustic system will not fail (owing to critical Warming up and mejvitkovogo KZ wires, zakusy'vaniya a skeleton of the coil, break diffuzora, damages flexible podvesov Thus, capacity of acoustic system is a technical parameter which size has no the direct attitude to loudness of sounding of acoustics though it is connected with it some dependence. Rating values of capacity of dynamic heads, an intensifying path, acoustic system can be different. They are specified, more likely, for orientation and optimum interface between components. For example, laptop and notebooks the amplifier considerably smaller or much greater capacity can deduce a column out of operation in the maximal positions of a regulator of loudness on both amplifiers: on the first � owing to a high level of distortions, on the second � owing to a supernumerary operating mode of a column. Capacity can be measured by various ways and in various test conditions. There are standard standards of these measurements. We shall consider more in detail some of them most often used in characteristics of products of the western firms: RMS (Root Mean Squared root-mean-square value). Capacity is measured by submission of a sine wave signal by frequency of 10 Hz before achievement of laptop and notebooks the certain level of nonlinear distortions. Usually in the passport on a product it is written so: Vt (RMS). This size speaks, that the acoustic system at leading to it of a signal Vt can work as capacity long time without mechanical damages of dynamic heads. For multimedia acoustics overestimated in comparison with Hi-Fi columns of value of capacity in Vt (RMS) turn out owing to measurement at very high harmonious distortions, about % are frequent. At such distortions to listen to a soundtrack it is practically impossible because of strong rattles and prizvukov in a dynamic head and the case of a column. PMPO (Peak Music Power Output peak musical capacity). In this case capacity is measured by submission of a short-term sine wave signal by duration less laptop and notebooks than second and frequency below 2 Hz (1 Hz are usual). Thus the level of nonlinear distortions is not considered. For example, capacity of a column is equal 5 Vt (PMPO). This fact speaks, that the acoustic system after reproduction of a short-term signal of low frequency had no mechanical damages of dynamic heads. In people of a unit of measure of capacity Vt (PMPO) name � the Chinese watts � that sizes of capacity at such technique of measurement reach thousand Watt! Imagine � active columns for a computer consume from a network of an alternating current electric capacity V*A and develop thus peak musical capacity 15 Vt (PMPO). Level with western there are also Soviet standards on various kinds of capacity. They laptop and notebooks are regulated operating to this day GOST and GOST . These standards define such concepts, as nominal, maximal shumovaya, maximal sine wave, maximal long-term, maximal short-term capacities. Some of them are specified in the passport on Soviet (and postSoviet) the equipment. In a world practice these standards, naturally, are not used, therefore we on them shall not stop. We do conclusions: the most important in practice is value of the capacity specified in Vt (RMS) at values of factor of harmonics (THD), equal % and less. However comparison of products even on this parameter very approximately also can not have anything the general with a reality, in fact loudness of a sound is characterized by a level of sound pressure. laptop and notebooks Therefore informativnost' a parameter capacity of acoustic system zero. Sensitivity one of the parameters specified by the manufacturer in the characteristic of acoustic systems. The size characterizes intensity of the sound pressure developed by a column on distance of meter at submission of a signal by frequency of 10 Hz and capacity Vt. Sensitivity decibels (dB) concerning a threshold of audibility (the zero level of sound pressure is equal 2* ^- Pa) is measured. The designation - a level of characteristic sensitivity (SPL, Sound Pressure Level) is sometimes used. Thus for brevity in the column with units of measurements it is underlined dB/Vt*m or dB/Vt^1/2*m. Thus it is important to understand, that sensitivity is not linear factor of proportionality between a level of sound pressure, capacity of a signal and distance up to a source. Many firms specify characteristics of sensitivity of the dynamic heads, measured laptop and notebooks at non-standard conditions. Sensitivity the characteristic, more important at designing own acoustic systems. If you do not realize up to the end that means this parameter at a choice of multimedia acoustics for PC it is possible to not pay to sensitivity of special attention (the blessing it is underlined not often). Amplitudno-chastotnaya the characteristic (ACHH) generally represents the schedule showing a difference of sizes of amplitudes of target and entrance signals in all range of reproduced frequencies. ACHH measure by submission of a sine wave signal of constant amplitude at change of its frequency. In a point on the schedule where frequency is equal 10 Hz, it is accepted to postpone on a vertical axis a level dB. The variant at which ACHH it is presented by a direct line is ideal, but such characteristics in laptop and notebooks a reality at acoustic systems do not happen. By consideration of the schedule it is necessary to pay special attention on size of non-uniformity. The more size of non-uniformity, the more than frequency distortions of a timbre in sounding. The western manufacturers prefer to specify a range of reproduced frequencies which represents vy'jimku information from ACHH: only boundary frequencies and non-uniformity are specified. We shall admit, it is written: Hz - kGc (+/- dB). It means, that at the given acoustic system in a range of Hz - kGc sounding authentic, and below Hz and above kGc non-uniformity sharply increases, ACHH has a so-called blockage (sharp recession of the characteristic). Than it threatens? Reduction of a level of low frequencies means loss of juiciness, a saturation of sounding of basses. Rise in the field of LF causes sensations bubneniya and gudeva columns. In blockages of high frequencies the sound laptop and notebooks will be dim, not clear. Rises VCH mean presence irritating, unpleasant hissing and whistling prizvukov. At multimedia columns size of non-uniformity ACHH usually above, than at so-called Hi-Fi acoustics. firm-proizvoditeley about ACHH columns of type of Hz (a theoretical limit of an opportunity) it is necessary to concern to all advertising applications with a fair share of scepticism. Thus non-uniformity ACHH which can make thus inconceivable sizes often is not underlined. As manufacturers of multimedia acoustics often "forget" to specify non-uniformity ACHH of acoustic system, meeting the characteristic of a column of Hz - 200 Hz, it is necessary to be on the alert. There is a high probability to buy a thing which is not providing even more or less uniform characteristic in a strip of frequencies of 1 Hz - 100 Hz. To compare a range of reproduced frequencies with different neravnomernostyami it is impossible at all. KGI factor laptop and notebooks of harmonious distortions. The acoustic system represents the complex electro-acoustic device which has the nonlinear characteristic of strengthening. Therefore a signal after all sound path on an output it will be obligatory to have nonlinear distortions. One of the most obvious and the most simple in measurement are harmonious distortions. Harmonious distortions occur from addition of superfluous harmonics to an initial signal owing to nonlinearity of the characteristic vhod/vy'hod. These parasitic harmonics give to sounding a new timbre and conduct to irreplaceable losses in a sound. Nonlinear distortions are measured by submission of a sine wave signal by frequency of 10 Hz. By means of the special filter in a sound signal find superfluous harmonics and define their capacity. Factor - size dimensionless. It is underlined or in percentage, or in decibels. The formula of recalculation: laptop and notebooks [dB] = log ([%]/100). The more the size of factor of harmonics, the usually is worse sounding. KGI columns in many respects depends on capacity of a signal submitted on them. Therefore silly to do correspondence conclusions or to compare columns only on factor of harmonics, not resorting to listening the equipment. Besides for working positions of a regulator of loudness (usually it is 30.. %) value manufacturers is not underlined. The electrodynamic head has the certain resistance to a direct current depending on thickness, lengths and a material of a wire in the coil (such resistance still name resistive or jet). At submission of a musical signal which represents an alternating current, resistance of a head will vary depending laptop and notebooks on frequency of a signal. Impedance (impedans) this full electric resistance to an alternating current measured on frequency of 10 Hz. Usually impedance of acoustic systems is equal 4, or Ohm. As a whole size full electric resistance (impedance) of acoustic system about what connected with quality of sounding of this or that product, to the buyer will not tell. The manufacturer this parameter only that resistance considered at connection of acoustic system to the amplifier is underlined. If value of resistance of a column below, than recommended value of loading of the amplifier, in sounding there can be distortions or protection against short circuit will work; if laptop and notebooks above the sound will be much more silent, rather than with recommended resistance. One of the important factors influencing sounding of acoustic system, acoustic registration radiating dynamic heads (dynamics) is. At designing acoustic systems the manufacturer usually faces a problem in a choice of acoustic registration. Them it is totaled more ten kinds. Acoustic registration shares on acoustically unloaded and acoustically loaded. The first means registration at which fluctuation diffuzora is limited only to rigidity podvesa. At the second fluctuation diffuzora is limited besides rigidity podvesa still to elasticity of air and acoustic resistance to radiation. Also acoustic registration shares on systems of unary and double actions. The system of unary action is characterized by excitation of the sound going to the listener, by means of only one party diffuzora (radiation of other party will be neutralized laptop and notebooks by acoustic registration). The system of double action means use in formation of a sound of both surfaces diffuzora. As acoustic registration of a column practically does not influence high-frequency and mid-frequency dynamic heads, we shall tell about the most widespread variants of low-frequency acoustic registration of the case. Very widely primenima the acoustic scheme which has received the name the closed box. Concerns to the loaded acoustic registration. Represents the closed case with deduced on the face-to-face panel diffuzorom dynamics. Advantages: good parameters ACHH and the pulse characteristic. Lacks: low EFFICIENCY, necessity for the powerful amplifier, a high level of harmonious distortions. But instead of struggling with the sound waves caused by fluctuations of a underside diffuzora, they can be used. The most widespread variant from systems of double action is laptop and notebooks fazoinvertor. Represents a pipe of the certain length and the section, built in in the case. Length and section fazoinvertora count in such a manner that on the certain frequency in it fluctuation of sound waves, inphase with the fluctuations caused by the face-to-face party diffuzora is created. The acoustic scheme is widely applied to subwoofers with the standard name yasch'ik-rezonator. Unlike the previous example diffuzor dynamics it is not deduced on the panel of the case, and is inside, on a partition. Itself dinamik direct participation in formation of a spectrum of low frequencies does not accept. Instead of it diffuzor only raises sound fluctuations of low frequency which then repeatedly increase on loudness in a pipe fazoinvertora, laptop and notebooks vy'polyayusch'ego a role of the resonant chamber. Advantage of these constructive decisions is the high EFFICIENCY at small dimensions of a subwoofer. Lacks are shown in deterioration of phase and pulse characteristics, sounding becomes tiring. Optimum choice will be columns of the average size with the wooden case, executed on the closed scheme or with fazoinvertorom. At a choice of a subwoofer it is necessary to pay attention not to its loudness (on this parameter even inexpensive models usually have a sufficient stock), and on authentic reproduction of all range of low frequencies. From the point of view of quality of sounding, laptop and notebooks columns with the thin case or very small sizes are most undesirable. Other discussions in conference:

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